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<h1>09-InnoDB的表空间</h1>

<div><span><div style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%;"><h2 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 34px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbdbdb; color: #333;">1 独立表空间结构</h2>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-1 区（extent）的概念</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">区（extend）</strong>：对于16KB的页来说，物理位置上连续的<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">64个页就是一个区</strong>，也就是说一个区默认占用1M空间大小。引入区的概念是为了在使用B+树索引时，尽量让链表中相邻的页的物理位置也相邻，这样在范围查询时可以使用<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">顺序I/O</strong>。<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">组（group）</strong>：每256个区被划分为一个组。<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/><br/>
这些组的头几个页面是固定的：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [1].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
<ol style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">第一个组最开始的3个页面的类型是固定的，也就是说extent0的这个区最开始的3个页面类型是固定的，分别是：</li>
</ol>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FSP_HDR</strong>类型：这个类型的页面是用来登记整个表空间的一些整体属性以及本组所有的区的属性，<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">整个表空间只有一个FSP_HDR类型的页面</strong>。</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">IBUF_BITMAP</strong>类型：这个类型的页面是存储本组所有的区的所有页面关于INSERT_BUFFER的信息。</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">INODE</strong>类型：这个类型的页面存储了许多称为INODE的数据结构。</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2" style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">其余各组的最开始的2个页面的类型也是固定的：</li>
</ol>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">XDES</strong>类型：全称是extent descriptor，用来等级本组256个区的属性，FSP_HDR类型的页面和XDES类型的页面的作用类似，只不过FSP_HDR类型的页面还会额外存储一些表空间的属性。</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">IBUF_BITMAP</strong>类型。</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-2 段（segment）的概念</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">段（segment）</strong>：在范围查询时，其实是对B+树叶子节点中的记录进行顺序扫描，而如果不区分叶子节点和非叶子节点，统统把节点代表的页面放到申请的区中，进行范围扫描的效果就大打折扣了。所以InnoDB对B+树的叶子节点和非叶子节点进行了区别对待。存放叶子节点一些零散页以及区的集合就是<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">叶子节点段</strong>，存放非叶子节点的一些零散页以及区的集合也是一个<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">非叶子节点段</strong>。也就是说一个索引会生成2个段，一个叶子节点段，一个非叶子节点段。（InnoDB中还有为存储一些特殊的数据而定义的段，比如回滚段，这里暂时不做介绍）<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">碎片区（fragment extent）</strong>：为了考虑以完整的区为单位分配给某个段，对于数据量较小的表太浪费存储空间的情况，InnoDB提出了一个<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">碎片区</strong>的概念。在一个碎片区中，并不是所有的页面都是为了存储同一个段的数据而存在的，而是碎片区中的页可以用于不同的目的，比如有些页用于段A，有的页面用于段B，有些页哪个段都不属于。<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">碎片区只属于表空间，不属于任何一个段</strong>。所以为某个段分配存储空间的策略是这样的：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">在刚开始向表中插入数据的时候，段是从某个碎片区以单个页面为单位来分配存储空间的；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">当某个段已经占用了32个碎片区页面之后，就会以完整的区为单位来分配存储空间。</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-3 区的分类</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">区的4种状态：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FREE 空闲的区</strong>：现在还没有使用到这个区中的任何页面</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FREE_FRAG 有剩余空间的碎片区</strong>：表示碎片区中还有可用的页面</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FULL_FRAG 没有剩余空间的碎片区</strong>：表示碎片区中的所有页面都被使用，没有空闲页面</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FSEG 附属于某个段的区</strong>：每个索引都可以分为叶子节点段和非叶子节点段，在这些段中的数据量很大时将使用区为基本的分配单位</li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">需要注意的是，处于FREE、FREE_FRAG以及FULL_FRAG这三种状态的区都是独立的，直属于表空间，而处于FSEG状态的区是附属于某个段的。</p>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-4 XDES Entry 区的结构</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">为了方便管理这些区，InnoDB设计了一个称为**XDES Entry（全称：Extent Descriptor Entry）**的结构，每个区都对应一个XDES Entry结构，这个结构记录了对应的区的一些属性：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [2].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">从图中可以看出，XDES Entry是一个40个字节的结构，大致分为4个部分：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">Segment ID（8字节）</strong><br/>
每个段都有一个唯一的编号，用ID表示，该字段表示的就是该区所在的段。当然前提是该区已经被分配给某个段了，不然该字段的值没有意义；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">List Node（12字节）</strong><br/>
这个部分可以将若干个XDES Entry结构串联成一个链表，如果我们想定位空间内的某个位置的话，只需指定页号以及该位置在指定页号中的页内偏移量；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">State（4字节）</strong><br/>
这个字段表明区的状态。分别是FREE、FREE_FRAG、FULL_FRAG、FSEG；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">Page State Bitmap（16字节）</strong><br/>
这个区一共占用16字节，也就是128个比特位。一个区默认有64个页面，每个页面对应2个比特位，这2个比特位的第一个位表示对应的页面是否是空闲的，第二个比特位还没有用到。</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-5 XDES Entry链表</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">向某个段中插入数据的过程：</p>
<ol style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">当段中数据较少的时候，首先会查看表空间中是否有状态为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FREE_FRAG</strong>的区，也就是找还有空闲空间的碎片区，如果找到了，那么从该区中取一些零碎的页把数据插进去；否则到表空间下申请一个状态为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FREE的</strong>区，也就是空闲的区，把该区的状态变为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FREE_FRAG</strong>，然后从该新申请的区中取一些零碎的页把数据插进去。之后不同的段使用零碎页的时候都会从该区中取，直到该区中没有空闲空间，然后该区的状态就变成了<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FULL_FRAG</strong>；<br/>
怎么知道表空间里的哪些区是FREE的，哪些区的状态是FREE_FRAG的，哪些区是FULL_FRAG的？<br/>
这时候就是XDES Entry中的List Node部分发挥奇效的时候了，把状态为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FREE、FREE_FRAG、FULL_FRAG的区对应的XDES Entry结构通过List Node分别连接成一个链表。</strong><br/>
这样每当我们想找一个FREE_FRAG状态的区时，就直接把FREE_FRAG链表的头节点拿出来，从这个节点中取一些零碎的页来插入数据，当这个节点对应的区用完时，就修改一下这个节点的State字段的值，然后从FREE_FRAG链表中移到FULL_FRAG链表中。同理，如果FREE_FRAG链表中一个节点都没有，那么就直接从FREE链表中取一个节点移动到FREE_FRAG链表的状态，并修改该节点的STATE字段值为FREE_FRAG，然后从这个节点对应的区中获取零碎的页就好了。</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">当段中数据已经占满了32个零散的页后，就直接申请完整的区来插入数据。InnoDB 为每个段中的区对应的XDES Entry结构建立了三个链表：FREE、NOT_FULL、FULL链表。每个索引都对应两个段（叶子节点段，非叶子节点段），每个段都会维护上述的3个链表。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-6 List Base Node 链表基节点</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">这个中包含了上述各种链表的头节点和尾节点的指针以及这个链表中包含了多少节点的信息：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [3].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/><br/>
一般会把某个链表对应的List Base Node结构放置在表空间中固定的位置。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">链表小结</strong><br/>
综上所述，表空间是由若干个区组成的，每个区都对应一个XDES Entry的结构，直属于表空间的区对应的XDES Entry结构可以分成FREE、FREE_FRAG和FULL_FRAG这3个链表；每个段可以附属若干个区，每个段中的区对应的XDES Entry结构可以分成FREE、NOT_FULL和FULL这3个链表。每个链表都对应一个List Base Node的结构，这个结构里记录了链表的头、尾节点的位置以及该链表中包含的节点数。正是因为这些链表的存在，管理这些区才变成了一件so easy的事情。</p>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-7 INODE Entry 段的结构</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [4].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">Segment ID</strong>：这个INODE Entry结构对应的段的编号（ID）；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">NOT_FULL_N_USED</strong>：这个字段指的是在NOT_FULL链表中已经使用了多少个页面。下次从NOT_FULL链表分配空闲页面时可以直接根据这个字段的值定位到。而不用从链表中的第一个页面开始遍历着寻找空闲页面；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">3个List Base Node</strong>：分别为段的FREE链表、NOT_FULL链表、FULL链表定义了List Base Node，这样我们想查找某个段的某个链表的头节点和尾节点的时候，就可以直接到这个部分找到对应链表的List Base Node；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">Magic Number</strong>：这个值是用来标记这个INODE Entry是否已经被初始化了（初始化的意思就是把各个字段的值都填进去了）。如果这个数字是值的97937874，表明该INODE Entry已经初始化，否则没有被初始化；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">Fragment Array Entry</strong>：前边强调过无数次段是一些零散页面和一些完整的区的集合，每个Fragment Array Entry结构都对应着一个零散的页面，这个结构一共4个字节，表示一个零散页面的页号。</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-8 各类型页面的详细情况</h3>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">1-8-1 FSP_HDR类型页面</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [5].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/><br/>
从图中可以看出，一个完整的FSP_HDR类型的页面大致由5个部分组成，各个部分的具体释义如下表：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/微信截图_20190503204532.png" type="image/png" data-filename="微信截图_20190503204532.png"/></p>
<ol style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">File Space Header部分</strong><br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [6].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></li>
</ol>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">List Base Node for FREE List、List Base Node for FREE_FRAG List、List Base Node for FULL_FRAG List</strong><br/>
分别是直属于表空间的FREE链表的基节点、FREE_FRAG链表的基节点、FULL_FRAG链表的基节点，这三个链表的基节点在表空间的位置是固定的，就是在表空间的第一个页面（也就是FSP_HDR类型的页面）的File Space Header部分；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FRAG_N_USED</strong><br/>
这个字段表明在FREE_FRAG链表中已经使用的页面数量，方便之后在链表中查找空闲的页面。</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">FREE Limit</strong><br/>
尚未被初始化的最小页号，大于或等于这个页号的区对应的XDES Entry结构都没有被加入FREE链表；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">Next Unused Segment ID</strong><br/>
该字段表明当前表空间中最大的段ID的下一个ID，用于在创建新段的时候赋予新段一个唯一的ID值；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">Space Flags</strong><br/>
表空间对于一些布尔类型的属性，或者只需要寥寥几个比特位搞定的属性都放在了这个Space Flags中存储，虽然它只有4个字节，32个比特位大小，却存储了好多表空间的属性，详细情况如下表：<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1.png" type="image/png" data-filename="1.png"/></p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">List Base Node for SEG_INODES_FULL List和List Base Node for SEG_INODES_FREE List</strong><br/>
每个段对应的INODE Entry结构会集中存放到一个类型位INODE的页中，如果表空间中的段特别多，则会有多个INODE Entry结构，可能一个页放不下，这些INODE类型的页会组成两种列表：<br/>
a. SEG_INODES_FULL链表，该链表中的INODE类型的页面都已经被INODE Entry结构填充满了，没空闲空间存放额外的INODE Entry了；<br/>
b. SEG_INODES_FREE链表，该链表中的INODE类型的页面都已经仍有空闲空间来存放INODE Entry结构；</p>
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<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">1-8-2 XDES类型页面</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">每一个XDES Entry结构对应表空间的一个区，虽然一个XDES Entry结构只占用40字节，但你抵不住表空间的区的数量也多啊。在区的数量非常多时，一个单独的页可能就不够存放足够多的XDES Entry结构，所以我们把表空间的区分为了若干个组，每组开头的一个页面记录着本组内所有的区对应的XDES Entry结构。由于第一个组的第一个页面有些特殊，因为它也是整个表空间的第一个页面，所以除了记录本组中的所有区对应的XDES Entry结构以外，还记录着表空间的一些整体属性，这个页面的类型就是我们刚刚说完的FSP_HDR类型，整个表空间里只有一个这个类型的页面。除去第一个分组以外，之后的每个分组的第一个页面只需要记录本组内所有的区对应的XDES Entry结构即可，不需要再记录表空间的属性了，为了和FSP_HDR类型做区别，我们把之后每个分组的第一个页面的类型定义为XDES，它的结构和FSP_HDR类型是非常相似的：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [7].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">1-8-3 IBUF_BITMAP类型页面</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">暂不介绍</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">1-8-4 INODE类型页面</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">INODE类型的页就是为了存储INODE Entry结构而存在的：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [8].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">除了File Header、Empty Space、File Trailer这几个老朋友外，我们重点关注List Node for INODE Page List和INODE Entry这两个部分。<br/>
首先看INODE Entry部分，我们前边已经详细介绍过这个结构的组成了，主要包括对应的段内零散页面的地址以及附属于该段的FREE、NOT_FULL和FULL链表的基节点。每个INODE Entry结构占用192字节，一个页面里可以存储85个这样的结构。<br/>
重点看一下List Node for INODE Page List这个玩意儿，因为一个表空间中可能存在超过85个段，所以可能一个INODE类型的页面不足以存储所有的段对应的INODE Entry结构，所以就需要额外的INODE类型的页面来存储这些结构。还是为了方便管理这些INODE类型的页面，设计InnoDB的大叔们将这些INODE类型的页面串联成两个不同的链表：</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">SEG_INODES_FULL链表：该链表中的INODE类型的页面中已经没有空闲空间来存储额外的INODE Entry结构了；</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">SEG_INODES_FREE链表：该链表中的INODE类型的页面中还有空闲空间来存储额外的INODE Entry结构了。</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">前边提到过这两个链表的基节点就存储在File Space Header里边，也就是说这两个链表的基节点的位置是固定的，所以我们可以很轻松的访问到这两个链表。以后每当我们新创建一个段（创建索引时就会创建段）时，都会创建一个INODE Entry结构与之对应，存储INODE Entry的大致过程就是这样的：</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">先看看SEG_INODES_FREE链表是否为空，如果不为空，直接从该链表中获取一个节点，也就相当于获取到一个仍有空闲空间的INODE类型的页面，然后把该INODE Entry结构防到该页面中。当该页面中无剩余空间时，就把该页放到SEG_INODES_FULL链表中。</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">如果SEG_INODES_FREE链表为空，则需要从表空间的FREE_FRAG链表中申请一个页面，修改该页面的类型为INODE，把该页面放到SEG_INODES_FREE链表中，与此同时把该INODE Entry结构放入该页面。</p>
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<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1-9 Segment Header 结构的运用</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">一个索引会产生两个段，分别是叶子节点段和非叶子节点段，而每个段都会对应一个INODE Entry结构，那我们怎么知道某个段对应哪个INODE Entry结构呢？所以得找个地方记下来这个对应关系。希望你还记得我们在唠叨数据页，也就是INDEX类型的页时有一个Page Header部分：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [1].png" type="image/png" data-filename="1.png"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">其中的PAGE_BTR_SEG_LEAF和PAGE_BTR_SEG_TOP都占用10个字节，它们其实对应一个叫Segment Header的结构，该结构图示如下：<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [9].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/><br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [2].png" type="image/png" data-filename="1.png"/></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 34px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbdbdb; color: #333;">2 系统表空间结构</h2>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">系统表空间的结构和独立表空间基本类似，只不过由于整个MySQL进程只有一个系统表空间，在系统表空间中会额外记录一些有关整个系统信息的页面，所以会比独立表空间多出一些记录这些信息的页面。因为这个系统表空间最牛逼，相当于是表空间之首，所以它的表空间 ID（Space ID）是0。</p>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">2-1 系统表空间的整体结构</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">系统表空间与独立表空间的一个非常明显的不同之处就是在表空间开头有许多记录整个系统属性的页面，如图：<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [10].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">可以看到，系统表空间和独立表空间的前三个页面（页号分别为0、1、2，类型分别是FSP_HDR、IBUF_BITMAP、INODE）的类型是一致的，只是页号为3～7的页面是系统表空间特有的，我们来看一下这些多出来的页面都是干啥使的：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/Image.png" type="image/png" data-filename="Image.png"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">除了这几个记录系统属性的页面之外，系统表空间的extent 1和extent 2这两个区，也就是页号从64~191这128个页面被称为Doublewrite buffer，也就是双写缓冲区。</p>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">2-2 InnoDB数据字典</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">使用INSERT语句向表中插入的那些记录称之为用户数据，MySQL只是作为一个软件来为我们来保管这些数据，提供方便的增删改查接口而已。但是每当我们向一个表中插入一条记录的时候，MySQL先要校验一下插入语句对应的表存不存在，插入的列和表中的列是否符合，如果语法没有问题的话，还需要知道该表的聚簇索引和所有二级索引对应的根页面是哪个表空间的哪个页面，然后把记录插入对应索引的B+树中。所以说，MySQL除了保存着我们插入的用户数据之外，还需要保存许多额外的信息。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">这些数据并不是我们使用INSERT语句插入的用户数据，实际上是为了更好的管理我们这些用户数据而不得已引入的一些额外数据，这些数据也称为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">元数据</strong>。InnoDB存储引擎特意定义了一些列的**内部系统表（internal system table）**来记录这些这些元数据：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/Image [1].png" type="image/png" data-filename="Image.png"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">这些系统表也被称为数据字典，它们都是以B+树的形式保存在系统表空间的某些页面中，其中<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SYS_TABLES、SYS_COLUMNS、SYS_INDEXES、SYS_FIELDS</strong>这四个表尤其重要，称之为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">基本系统表（basic system tables）</strong>，我们先看看这4个表的结构：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SYS_TABLES表</strong><br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/Image [2].png" type="image/png" data-filename="Image.png"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SYS_COLUMNS表</strong><br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/Image [3].png" type="image/png" data-filename="Image.png"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SYS_INDEXES表</strong><br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/Image [4].png" type="image/png" data-filename="Image.png"/></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SYS_FIELDS表</strong><br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/Image [5].png" type="image/png" data-filename="Image.png"/></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">2-3 Data Dictionary Header页面</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">略</p>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">2-4 information_schema系统数据库</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">需要注意一点的是，用户是不能直接访问InnoDB的这些内部系统表的，除非你直接去解析系统表空间对应文件系统上的文件。不过设计InnoDB的大叔考虑到查看这些表的内容可能有助于大家分析问题，所以在系统数据库information_schema中提供了一些以innodb_sys开头的表：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">需要注意一点的是，用户是不能直接访问InnoDB的这些内部系统表的，除非你直接去解析系统表空间对应文件系统上的文件。不过设计InnoDB的大叔考虑到查看这些表的内容可能有助于大家分析问题，所以在系统数据库information_schema中提供了一些以innodb_sys开头的表：<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/Image [6].png" type="image/png" data-filename="Image.png"/><br/>
在information_schema数据库中的这些以INNODB_SYS开头的表并不是真正的内部系统表（内部系统表就是我们上边唠叨的以SYS开头的那些表），而是在存储引擎启动时读取这些以SYS开头的系统表，然后填充到这些以INNODB_SYS开头的表中。以INNODB_SYS开头的表和以SYS开头的表中的字段并不完全一样。<br/>
<img src="09-InnoDB的表空间_files/1 [11].jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
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